all important safety definitions

  

All important safety definitions

BASIC SAFETY DEFINITIONS

 

 

Safety     

 

·         Safety is the freedom from unacceptable risk of harm. Safety shall refer to physical environmental conditions of work or employment which constantly comply with the provision of this standard. 

·         Safety is barricade between hazards and safe way.

·         Safety is the measurements that we do to safe our self, others and to avoid the loss of property.

·         Safety is the correct use of your sixth sense to save our self, others property and environment.

·         Safety is a common sense: Look, Think, Done to save yourself others and property.

Fire

 

            Fire is the chain reaction of three things Fuel, Heat and Oxygen. These three things combine to a certain job proportion it will cause fire.

 

Hazard

           

            (a)Hazard possibility to danger or harm, exposure to possible harm, loss or injury it calls hazard.

            (b)A situation with potential to cause harm or danger is called hazard.

 

Risk

 

            Working without following safety measures cause risk or danger situation according to the nature of work it calls risk.

 

Risk is the chance of something happening (event/situation) that has the potential to cause harm to person/company/society.

Attitude: it is a person’s point of view or the way to look at some thing to act or react to give him readiness.

 

Work Permit

 

            It is written authorization obtained by contractor from the client to perform the job. It is also the record of work and direct communication between job Supervisor and issuing Supervisor. It specifies job activity, hazards, safety precaution and rules to perform job safely. Those areas or activity which are designated by department manger, following includes Gas, Fuel, Liquid and Pressurized pipes etc.

 

 

Confined Space

 

            A place having limited or restricted means for entry or exit, where toxic gasses can collect, and which is not designated to continually occupy for the employees. For example Tank, Boiler, vessels, pits, sumps and Excavation 4 feet (1.2meter) deep or deeper.

 

Incident

 

            Anything which could have cause of accident called incident.

Near Miss:

            These are any form of accident which could result in injury or loss but do not.

Accident

           

            (1) Accident: unplanned and undesired occurrences resulting from unsafe acts and conditions in the work place its name is accident.

            (2) Unplanned and undesired event which may cause personal injury, Damage to property or equipment or loss of out put or all three called accident.

 

Types of accident:

            Fatality, lost time injury, lost work day case, restricted work day case, near miss accident, medical treatment case, first aid accident.

Tag Line

 

            It is used for balancing load for any lifting proposal.

 

ROW

 

            It is clearing made with pipeline to run along. Normally thirteen meters away from the pipe line.

 

PPE

 

            (PPE) personal protective equipments are used or worn to protect workers from the exposure to occupational hazard. It is considered as the last line of defense.

 

Health and Safety Committee

 

            It is a group of employee and management that plan develops and makes policies in all matters concerning safety, health and environment.

 

Safety Officer

           

            Safety Officer is the secretary of health and safety committee.

 

 

Industrial Hygiene

 

            It is devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of factors and stress arising in and from the work place which can cause harm to the work place.

 

Environment

 

          A surrounding in which a person lives called environment as water, land and air. It is everyone’s responsibility to help protect the clean environment.

 

Emergency

 

          Sudden juncture demanding immediate action called emergency.

Procedure:

            It is written instructions of top management, which are deal rules, regulations and limitations between the client and contractor to perform the job safely.

 

 

Pre-commissioning and commissioning

            When the construction of some system or facility is almost completed, those sections which have been completed have to be tested to see that they confirm the requirement and working orderly. In this process we do different tests as hydro static, pneumatic test, steam blowing, electrical tests etc. It is physically and functionally booth way testing. Punching lists are punched during pre-commissioning. And commissioning is hand over or commissioned (product in process) of the system of facility. (Live facility or system)

Pre-commissioning:       

            MCC mechanical completion walk down, line x-Ray, according to QC, Hydro test and its bar limit and hydro test certification. After this if required pneumatic test and its certification. Competent person from QC shall tell that how much barricading for pneumatic test requires. After leakage test steam blowing shall be performed. For all tests stated above lock out procedure requires.

Before steam blowing insulation shall be done at the line from the header to branch lines. Insulation comprises gladding (metal aluminum sheet) and insulation (sponge).  No entry on bleeders.  According to the nature of facility it shall be tested for example in sub-station high voltage testing.

Steam blowing  

            Steam blowing is a procedure to clean oil, grease, rust, metal sparks and other particulates from pipe line left during erection or maintenance. We use temporary silencer (water spray) to reduce noise. Normally 450centigrade temperature is used for this purpose.  

Kinds of pipe cleaning: steam blowing, chemical cleaning, Hydro jetting, nitrogen purging.

After steam blowing nitrogen is used so that remaining water shall transform in to vapors and come out through bleeders. In fact nitrogen chills pipes. And no entry shall be allowed on bleeders.

 

Lock out and tag out or isolation:

                        Lock out and tag out is used to prevent injury or loss from the release of all kind of stored energy for example pneumatic, water, gas, electrical, mechanical, steam, acid and hydraulic. Chains, locking pins, locks, retainer and other hardware devices we use for this purpose.

 

Isolation

It’s a procedure to isolate some specific part of facility from system to work on.

          It is like a document: to isolate the confined space (tank boiler vessel etc.) from pipeline with double block and bleed valves and blinding. Lock out tag out shall be done from operation side and maintenance shall also hold tags and set locks.

 

Kinds of Blinds

            Spectacle blind          Slip blind        Flange blind

 J S A

JSA is a document describing job activity, its hazards and steps to reduce hazards. It is prepared by maintenance department.

Risk assessment:

            It is carried for high risk before starting a job. It is an informative document describing about four what’s (1) what can go wrong? (2) What can cause it going wrong? (3) What can be happen it hazard release? (4) What can we do to prevent it for going wrong?

 

Method statement:

                        It is a documentation through that contractor shall inform the client about the methods that how he will perform the job safely.

 

Kinds of work permit

            Confined space entry (2) hot work permit (3) cold work permit (4) gas release  

Scaffolding Tags:

            We use three types of tags for scaffolding

            (1)        Green:                        It means that scaffolding is safe to climb

            (2)        Yellow:           Scaffolding is not safe or full body harness is required.

            (3)        Red:                Only scaffolder’s can climb or in construction.

 Safety standards:           

OSHA :           Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

            HSE:               Health Safety Environment.

            MSDS:            Material Safety Data Sheet.

            ANSI:             American National Standard Institute.

            SMS:               Safe Method State.

            SHEMS:         Safety Health Environmental Management Standards

CANAPE: 

            Is a net used to safe the workers from falling objects.

Safety Action Plan: shall be submitted to client’s safety department for approval before starting a major job.

Safe work plan: shall be submitted to client one day before starting a job. Field supervisor shall conduct tool box talk based on safe work plan.

 

 

 

General short questions:

(1) What is HCISS

(Ans)  High commission industrial safety and security

(2)        What is different between bar and Psi?

            (Ans)   14.3 Psi is equal to one bar?

(3)        What is difference between boiler and heat exchanger?

(Ans)   Boiler prepare steam which is used to run different equipment as      generators, engines etc. And heat exchanger transforms heat into cooling or cooling in to heat. It is thermal energy.

(4)       What is DBA?

(Ans)   It is frequency of noise at which we use ear protection.85dba(decibel    A scale)  ear plug. Ear protection is of two types 1ear muff) and ear plug.

(5)      ELCB?

(Ans)   earth leakage circuit breaker.

(6)        RCCB?

(Ans)   Residual current circuit breakers.

(7)        RPE?

(Ans)   Respiratory Purifying Equipment.

(8)        HYPO?

(Ans)   It is insulation test of cables; we give more voltage than its capacity.

(9)        What is third party?

(Ans)   Third part is a department which inspects heavy equipment.

(10)            What is the length of body harness?

(Ans)   lanyard1.8+shock absorber .7_mtr=2.5_mtr normally. And it is hooked at least 18 feet above from the ground. It is capable to support 2450 (2300) kg and without shock absorber if a 100kg man falls, it shall fall with the force of 2000kg. Shock absorber reduces this force not grater than 600kg. Body harness shock absorber require more than 200kg force for unzipping. For fall arrest we use three things body harness, guard rail and net (mesh).

(11)           Which device we use for light measuring?

(Ans)   Lux meter

(12)           Which device we use for wind measuring?

(Ans)   Anemometer

(13)           What is CPR?

(Ans)   cardiac pulmonary resuscitation (thirty push +two blows) and push should be 1 or 1.5 inches.

(14)           How much distance should be from fire to fire extinguisher?

(Ans)   12 feet (pass method shall be use P  pull out the pin A aim at fire S squeeze the handle  S  spray side by side)

(15)           What is RFSU?

(Ans)   Ready For Start Up.

(16)           How far fire extinguisher should be from welding machine?

(Ans)   One meter.

(17)     What is PSSR?

(Ans)   It is Pre-start up safety review, (before starting safety is reviewed).

(19)           What is PHA?

(Ans)   It is Process hazard analyses.  (During the process of product safety     audit and observation are taken to analyze the hazards.

(20)            What is the lost time injury calculation?

(Ans)   lost time injury=Days lost _X 200000/man hours.

(21)           What is the calculation of incident rate?

(Ans)   Incident rate=number of recordable injury _X 200000/man hours

(22)           what is TLV

(Ans)   It is Threshold Limit Value.

(23)           PEL

(Ans)   Permissible exposure limit (Acceptable limit of atmosphere as H₂S less than 10ppm is acceptable.

(24)           What is REL?

(Ans)   Recommendable exposure limit

(25)           Which part of body is affected by electric?

(Ans)   Heart, brain, lungs and muscles

(26)      If some body is caught by electric what will u do then?

(Ans)   electric supply shall be disconnected through circuit breaker or main switch or any other way if possible, Other wise wooden piece or non conducting thing shall be use to pull the victim from cable. After pulling he shall be kept in wet sand. Water shall not be given to him for drink. CPR shall be given for breath restoration.

(27)     How much barrication for high voltage testing.

(Ans)   normally 10mtrs for 380kv and for 560kv 20mtrs.

(28)      TWA

(Ans)   Time waited area

(29)           What is GFCI?

(Ans)   Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (it is not required less than 24 volts because human hand have 15 volts resistance.

(30)           What is paraphoric material

(Ans)   Auto ignites able material when it is exposed to air it will caught fire.

(31)           What is Hydro jetting pressure?

(Ans)   It is cleaning of rust from the metal, 20000 to 40000 PSI in (PK 36000 pounds were using).

(32)           What is STA?

(Ans)   Safety Task Assessment

(33)What is lethal dose?

(Ans)   An atmosphere where entry is not allowed at any rate until hazard reduces.

(33)           What are the kinds of life line?

(Ans)   Two kind’s     vertical                       horizontal      

(34)           What is the gas tester speed to test some gas?

(Ans)   Analyzer, sniffer or gas tester sampling time is .5 second/feet.

(35)      After how much time gas testing shall be in the confined space if hot work in progress and why?

(Ans)   Gas testing should after every hour or continually should be monitor if hot work in progress in the confined space. Because fire use oxygen to burn

(36)      What are the kinds of accident?

(Ans)   Fatality,          lost time injury          last work day case     restricted work day case      near miss incident

(37)           which equipment is used additional with SCBA in the confined space

(Ans)   SCOT PACK (SCBA alarm shall sounded before 10 minutes of oxygen ending).

(38)           What is the requirement of excavation required entry attendant or to call it confined space.

(Ans)   1.2_mtr deep or deeper

(39)           For fire safety which things we use?

(Ans)   Fire extinguisher, fire blanket, fire hose, smoke detector and fire hydrant are used.

(40)            What is NFPA?

(Ans)   National Fire Protection Association

(41)           What are lifting hazards?

(Ans)   Unbalanced load       over loading   crane may fail            slings can break                     load can struck with worker, structure, building or live lines

(42)What is the validity of crane third party sticker?

(Ans)    One year

(42)           What is TUV?

(Ans)   It is Technician’s uberwashung version. This is semi government department which is certified to issue inspection sticker of heavy equipment. This is called third party. Client’s one expert person for mechanical inspection shall review the sticker and shall issue sticker to enter the equipment in the plant. Check list shall be review as per client requirement weekly, 15days or monthly. Before entering the crane in the plant all documents' shall be sent to client as Manufacturer's certification, Third party certificate etc.        

(43)           What is HEOT?

(Ans)   Heavy equipment operating and testing this is third party which inspects vehicles. It is government department

(44)     What are the requirements to check portable compressor

(Ans)               Whip lash arrestor    coupling should be in good position            hoses shall be in good order                 earthing          barricading

(44)           what is inert gas

(Ans)               any gas which shall not react with any other gas example Nitrogen

·         Dilution tube is used to test of gas in Nitrogen, it removes oxygen where there it exists, this is the reason that we use nitrogen for purging

(45)      What is catastrophic?

(Ans)   Any thing which can cause great devastation is called catastrophic.

(46)           What is IDLH?

(Ans)   Immediate Danger to life and health

(47)           What is berm?

(Ans)   Pipelines are covered with sand and MC1 is sprayed on that flat strip it is called berm in safety.

(48)           Which warning tape is used in commissioning?

(Ans)   Blue and white is used.

(49)           for Potential hazard

(Ans)   Red and white

(50)for little hazard (warning)

(Ans)   Yellow and black it is caution tape that you can pass if there is no hazard with your own observation.  

(51)           What is SAG

(Ans)   Saudi Arabian Government

(52)           SCCS

(Ans)   SABIC Construction Crane Specialist

(53)           SCCC

(Ans)  SABIC construction crane commette.                    

 

Slings load calculation:         Length /height _X weight/number of slings                                                              6/4x2000kg=3000/2=1500

 

        (54) What will you check during scaffolding inspection?

        (Ans)       Foundation,   posts,   Runners and bearers, Tubing and coupling,      Planks and plate form, Guardrail and toe boards, Stability and Access.

(55) What are the hazards of scaffolding?

(Answer) Over weight,         electric hazard,          unstable foundation (sole board) fall hazard,        stability,          insufficient fitting or substandard material,          psychological problem.

(56)  What is written on the scaffolding tag?

(Ans) Area, location, inspection date, scaffolder’s name and signature and safety officer’s signature 

 

Fire Safety measures

 

 

As mentioned above fire is the chain reaction of three things fuel, heat and oxygen. These three things combine to a certain proportion it will be fire.

Awareness should be given to employs about fire safety.

 

General: Flammable and explosive materials shall be kept to minimum at site.

Ignition: sources shall be kept away from flammable and combustible material materials such as

Hot plates                   Electrical cords that are damaged              Asphalt cattle’s                      Welding Cutting Brazing

 Flammable liquids give off fumes they have a flash point below 54centigrade, so

Ground all dispensing drums to the main supply and bond the receiver to the drum. Use approved cables and clumps to bond the receiver with drum.

 Label all containers as to content.

Flammable shall not be poured with in 50 feet of ignition sources.

While refueling engine shall be kept off.

Metal solvent safety cans shall have FM or UL label.

Transportation shall be in closed metal containers plastic is prohibited.

Storage of flammables shall be in well ventilated areas.

Diesel engine shall be operated only in well ventilated areas.

Flammable material should be 50 and combustible materials should be 35 feet away from welding, cutting brazing.

Mobile phones shall not be allowed inside of the plants.

Cigarettes shall be smoked only in smoking area which should be designed at a place free of hazards.

 

HAZARDS OF FIRE:

            Inhalation of toxic fumes produced by combustion.

            Suffocation and lack of visibility due to smoke.

            Burns due to heat or flame.

            Suffocation due to lack of oxygen.

            Collapse of building.

            Poor visibility.

 

Combustible Liquids:

Combustible liquids also give off fume; they have a flash point at or above 54c. So

Separate flammable from combustible materials. Bulk storage should be 50 feet away from ignition sources, buildings and plants.

 

 

 

Radiography:

Radiography is testing of x-ray welding. To detect the effects in Mattel we use x-rays and gamma rays it is called radiography.

Radioactivity: The spontaneous emition of radiation by atomic nuclei resulting in their disintegration is called radioactivity.

 

Its measuring unit is Sievert (s.v) or Roentgen or Curi 

 

Geiger meter is used for the monitoring of radiation.

 

After exposure Film Badges are used to analyze the amount of radiation to which the person is exposed.

Kinds of radiography:

            (1) Conventional radiography:                    (2) Safe red radiography:

Safety measures:

·         Third party shall perform this activity approved from Saudi Technical Institute.

·         Radiation work permit.

·         Radiation workers shall wear calibrated and valid date both a film badge and pocket dosimeter.

·         Barriers, sign boards and amber flashing lights shall be fixed around the work.

·         Safety watch man shall be assigned.

·         Proper lightning for night time work.

·         Radiations shall be kept shielded, labeled and tightly sealed containers so that radiation level may not exceed 2mrilliam/hr at 30cm (1.2feet) from shielding

·         For <1 curi25mtrs barricading and for >1curi up to <5 curi38mtrs barricading is required from operational area.

·         Calibrated radiation detection equipment shall be kept in hand.

·         Area shall be cleaned from unauthorized person.

·         Work shall be stopped at 32km/h wind velocity

·         Radiation incident shall be immediately reported to loss prevention department.  

           

 

 

 

CRANE SAFETY MEASURES

 

 

• Vehicle entry & work permit.          (Hot work permit +lifting permit)
• Crane shall bear valid inspection sticker.   (Third party) if expiry or removed crane shall not be allowed to operate.
• Operator shall have both Saudi Arabian Government crane operating license and third party certification.
• Rigger shall be also third party certified.
• Preoperational check list shall be checked if any deficiency report immediately to supervisor for corrective action.
• Load chart and range diagram shall be displayed in every crane cabin.
• Lifting plan.
• Tag line for balancing the load.
• If the object load is unknown use load cell, LMI or weighing scale.
•  Outriggers shall be fully extended for the stability of crane.
• Crane shall be earthed
• Tire shall be off from the ground.   (2inches)
• Float pad shall be used.
• Work shall be stopped if wind velocity is 32km/hr (20Miles) or follow load chart to reduce according to the manufacturer’s specification.
• Crane shall be leveled as per bubble level 1%.
• Crane boom shall be kept away 20 feet from 250000v power lines and more than 250000v it shall be kept 25 feet. For this purpose goal post shall be used 25feet down from power lines and 50mtr away both sides of power lines.
• Crane shall be kept twice times the depth of excavation.
• All crane accidents and incidents shall be immediately reported to the Loss Prevention department.
• Accident scene shall not be disturbed until loss prevention agreement.

TRAVEL OF CRANE:

                        Requires removal of jibs, boom shall be fully lowered and retracted swing lock engaged and hook block secured.

RIGGING:

            Rigging includes all attachments attached to the load and all devices attached to the crane hook.

Wire rope slings and chain slings shall bear a permanent manufacturer label showing       capacity (SWL) in metric tons.

Manufactures name and trade mark.

Serial number by manufacturer.

Chain Slings shall also show their steel grade.

Synthetic web sling and fiber rope slings shall bear a durable label showing                Capacity in metric tons for straight pull, basket hitch and chocker hitch.

            Date sling was manufactured

What are critical lifts?

Around energized electrical line, on barges, vessels, long range, multiple lifts (two cranes lift one object), tailing lift ( two cranes lift one object one from top and other from tail as vessel, column), Rubber pick, man basket, high level , near or over hydrocarbon pressurized pipelines,

 

Kinds of crane: Mobile crane, Hydraulic crane, Crawling crane, Tower crane, Gantry crane and over head crane.

 

Lifting plan: Object wait, Boom angle, length and jibs length, Crane type, crane location, area number, contractor name, crane inspection sticker.

 

Rigger: Shall inspect the slings and all rigging equipment. He shall use universal hand signal to direct the crane operators or shall use radio.

Riggers have three classes: A class above (40tons) B class (40tons) C class (20tons)

Lifting requirements: Third party inspection sticker, lifting plan, lifting permit, weather condition, JSA, certified operator and license of Saudi Arabian Government, Certified rigger,

All Cranes shall have fire extinguisher, back up alarm, emergency shut off switch, seat belt and revolving lights.

 

 

Scaffolding

 

Scaffolding is a temporary elevated work plate form.

Components:

 

(a)        Planks (boards                                   (b) Bearers (Transom)

(c)        Longitudinal bracing (Façade)        (d) Transverse (sectional) bracing  

(e)        Top rail                                              (f) Mid rail

(g)       Toe board                                          (h)Post (standard)

(i)         Runners (lagers)                                (j) Base plate 

(k)       Sole board (sill sole board)              (l) Self closing drop bar       

(m)      Base lift (kicker lift)                         (n) False upright (puncheon)

(o)        Coupler                                              (p) Intermediate Bearer      

 

Kinds of scaffolding:

·         System scaffolding

·         Tube and coupler scaffolding

·         Mobile scaffolding

·         Bracket scaffolding                           (around tank column)

·         Tower scaffolding

·         Under hung scaffolding

·         Birdcage scaffolding

·         Base supported scaffolding

 

Erection:

·         Work permit (cold work permit).

·         Erection plan shall be submitted to loss prevention for all scaffolding above 40feet (12.2meters) high.

·         Tube and coupler scaffolding 125feet high shall be designed  by a competent engineer.

·         Planks shall be cleated, overlapped or secured to prevent slipping or tripping.

·         Planks shall not be painted, cut or cracked.

·         Planks shall be extended at least 6 to12 inches beyond the end frame.

·         Floor shall be fully planked, if gap, less than 1 inch.

·         Scaffolding shall be erected 14 inches away from the building or structure.

·         Top rail shall be (39)/38 to 45 inches high from toe board.

·         Mid rail should be in between the top rail and toe board and shall be capable to bear 150lbs side force.

·         Toe board shall be at least 4 inches high one inch thick wood (metal 4mm) and capable to support 50 lbs. side force.

·         Over lap planks 12 inches but over the support.

·         Top rail should be capable to bear 200 lbs side force.

·         Planks shall not be nailed with each other.

·         Planks shall not be split more than 1 inch and if more than it and less than 12 inches it shall be banded with metal.

·         Bay width for heavy duty 3feet.

·         For medium duty 1.5 meters (4.6feet).

·         For light duty 6.2 feet (2meters).  

·         Base plate thickens 4mm and 6x6 inches.

·         Sole board thickness 1.5 inches and 9inches wide and spam at least two posts.

·         Post standard radius 1.90inches.

·         Tie scaffolding at least more than the four times of base width or at every 7.9 meter (26feet) vertically and 9.1meter (30feet) horizontally but at least once in each direction.

·         Ladder shall be 3 feet high from landing point.

·         Rest platform every 20 to 30 feet.

·         When vertical height increases 100feet 2means of exit and when horizontal distance increase 50 feet at least two means of entry shall be provided.

·         Ladders should be 57 or ¼ angle.

·          Scaffolding shall be erected 1.5 times away from the depth of excavation.

·         And ten feet from live lines. Base lift or first lift height should be 6 feet high.

·         Light duty scaffolding is capable to support one man and 20kg per square meter.

·         Medium duty scaffolding is capable to support two men and 40kg per square meter.

·         1.8 meter high scaffolding require stairwells and if not sufficient guard rail system body harness.

Mobile scaffolding:

·         Height shall not exceed four times of base dimension.

·         Nobody shall ride mobile scaffolding.

·         Caster and wheel brakes shall be chocked.

·         Out riggers shall be deployed before use.

Couplers:

·         A component which is used to join scaffolding two tubes together.

 

Kinds of couplers:

Right angle coupler,                          right angle double coupler

End to end coupler                            adjustable coupler (swivel)

Girder coupler                                   put log coupler

·         Right angle coupler is used to connect two tubes at right angle.

·         End to end coupler is used for externally joining two scaffolding tubes co-axially end to end.

 

·         Adjustable coupler (swivel) is used for connecting two tubes together at an angle other than 90.

·         Girder coupler is used for connecting a scaffolding tube to a steel wide flange beam. It shall be used in pairs.

·         Put log (bearer) coupler is used for connecting bearer with runner.

 

 

 

Gas welding/Arc welding and cutting and brazing

 

Safety Measures:

• Work permit  (hot work permit) before commencement of work
• All welding operators shall be qualified to operate the welding equipment and third party certified.
• Personal protective equipment shall be worn by all employs (helmet gloves safety glass (goggles) long sleeves or leather apron).
• Area (35feet SABIC and 50feet ARAMCO) shall be cleaned from combustible and flammable materials.
•  Cover all doors panels, sewers and man holes with in 50feet of the hot work,
• Barricade with warning sign and warning tape.
• Wet the area and keep running water supply on.
• Erect welding curtains (fire blanket) to stop welding sparks.
• Fire watch shall be assigned.
• Fire extinguisher shall be provided with in 10 feet of operational area and their access shall be easy and clear.

Arc welding:

• Arc welding machine shall be grounded to the main supply.
• Ground the work piece to the main supply (welding machine).
• Provide GFCI to the arc welding machine auxiliary outlets if power tools needs to be use.
• Electric shall not exceed 125 volts AC.
• Electrode shall be removed from the holder if it is left un-attendant.
• Welding cables shall have no splice.
•  Welding machine shall be shut off while refueling.
• Airline respirators are required if fume hazards can not remove by ventilation.
• Confined space work requires force ventilation (air mover).
• Metal container to put welding rods rubbish or sparks.

 

• Welding rods shall be kept in containers which keep them hot.
• Arc welding lens shade 10 to 14 according to exposure.
• Torch cutting 3 to 6.
• Gas welding   4 to 8.

 

Gas welding:

• Store cylinders in the upright position, especially acetylene. Acetylene is dissolved in acetone in an acetylene cylinder. When acetylene cylinder is stored in its side, it may separate from acetone and become unstable and cause an internal explosion.
• Acetylene regulator pressure shall not exceed 15Psi (acetylene can explode above 15Psi).
•  Separate oxygen cylinders from fuel (acetylene) cylinders 20feet away or with fire proof 5feet high wall.
• Separate empty cylinders and mark as Mt.
• Cylinder storage shall be well ventilated and under sunshades.
• Secure cylinders with wire, rope or chain to prevent fall over.
• Oil, grease or any hydrocarbon shall not be use in any oxygen cylinder fitting or system.
• Copper or silver shall not be use in any system acetylene.
• Flash back flame arresters shall be use for torches and hoses.
• Color code hoses as oxygen or fuel.
• Torches shall be constructed of brass or bronze or stainless steel and have FM or UL label.
• Valve caps shall be in place when cylinder not in use.
• Color of oxygen         green\
• Acetylene                   yellow
• Organ                         silver
• Lighter or matchbox shall not be used to light the hoses.
• Sop water shall be use for leakage checking.
•  

 

PRESSURE TESTING:

 

• Notify inspection department, loss prevention and company representative before preparing for the test (Hydrostatic, pneumatic and leakage etc).
• Written approved procedure shall be obtained 2days before the test with high potential hazards and pressure test diagram shall be kept at site.
• Work permit shall be obtained (multi cold hot and confined space )
• Access shall be controlled by barricading sign boards and assigned lock outs and tags. (For 10bar 3mtr and for 15bars 4mtr and 20bar 5mtr barricading is procedure.
• Test personal shall remain at a safe place from which to view and control the test.
• Safety glass, ear protection, helmet foot protection and face shield shall be worn by test personal.
• Emergency equipment (fire extinguisher) shall be readily available.
• Calibrated and tested relief valves shall be installed to protect the system.
• Pressure gauges calibrated and tested with (double) block and bleed valves shall be installed on the system.
• Vent air prior to the test from system.
• A bleed valve shall be provided on the test system.
• Only authorized person shall enter in the area.
• Safety watch shall be assigned on the entry and exit point.

Hazards of pressure test.

• Equipment may fail / injury (line burst)
• Spill or leak of chemicals/ burns to skin contaminate environment.
• Equipment or fitting may fail. (Valve or nut bolts breakage).
• Water not drained / “water hammering” jumping lines. (Pig is used for water hammering).
• Heat high noise.
• Possible pressure- burns /eye injury/ fire/ gas leakage.
• Electric shock.
• Flying parts of failing equipment.
•  

 

 

 

Diamond Label

           

 

Red for fire

            Blue for health

            Yellow for reactivity

            White for special hazards

Red:

(4) Below 73F

            (3) Below 100F

            (2) Below200F

            (1) Above200F

            (0) will not burn

Blue:

            (4) Deadly

            (3) Extreme danger

            (2) Hazardous

            (1) Slightly hazardous

            (0)Normal material

 

Yellow:

            (4) May detonate

            (3) Shock or heat may detonate

            (2) Violent change chemical

            (1) Unstable if heated

            (0) Stable

White:

            Oxidizer                      Oxy

            Acid                            ACD

            Alkali                          ALK

            Corrosive                   COR

            Use no water

            Radiation hazard

 

 

 

CHEMICALS HANDLING

 

 

• International hazard identification label shall be affix with every chemical container, drum, carboy bottles and boxes showing fire, health, reactivity and special hazards.
• Chemical containers shall have label showing specific content and strength percentage.
• All chemicals shall have MSDS and copy shall be given to company representative.
• Don’t store incompatible chemicals, follow the MSDS.
• Chemical handling requires face shield, gloves, protective clothing, footwear and SCBA.
•  Eye and face wash facilities shall be provided where hazard exist.
• Limit stored hazardous chemicals supplies in the work areas to one day.
• Contractor shall ensure that chemical storage is reviewed by loss prevention.
• Fire extinguishers shall be available of appropriate types.
• Don’t smell or detect chemicals by breathing.
• Storage shall be kept to minimum and shall not be on tables or high places.
• Storage shall be well ventilated
• Don’t chew or smoke near chemicals.

 

House keeping:

 

 

Good house keeping means not only cleaning or sweeping, it also means to keep things in their right order.

• House keeping shall be priority.
• Collect debris refuse and trash daily.
• Use covered containers for refuse.
• Bend down nails in boards.
• Keep walking aisles, road ways clear.
•  Storage yards should be orderly.
• Proponent approved lay down yards should be at least 50feet away from buildings.
• Fire protection shall be provided.
• A sturdy grounded perimeter fence, with fire engine access gates shall enclose the area.

Hazards of bad house keeping:

            Slipping, tripping, material loss, damage of equipment, accident, incident,

 

 

 

Sanitary welfare facilities:

 

 

• Keep eating areas clean.
• Employs shall take their lunch and break in designated areas which shall be free of hazardous material.
• After break all trash debris and food refuse shall be collected.
• Consumption of food shall be under sunshade and ventilated area.
• Provide one toilet for every 15 workers.
• Toilets shall have proper ventilation and tissue and shall be kept clean when necessary to provide good sanitation.
• Hand wash facility shall be available as water, soap or hand wash and trash container and tissue.
• Provide drinking water and separate cup for every worker.
• Water container shall be cleaned on daily basis.
• Individual assigned for this task shall wash their hands with good soap and use disposable rubber gloves.
• Containers shall be rinsed off outside before open. Containers shall be washed with detergent, dish wash, hot water and sponge or scrub.
• Containers shall be rinsed in a solution of 2 tablespoon of chlorine bleach in one gallon of water.

 

 

 

 

First Aid

·         Every contractor shall provide first aid facilities for his employs.

·         A first aid cabinet shall be on each job site.

·         Cabinet shall be stocked at all the times.

·         Cabinet shall be equipped with basic first aid facilities.

1.      A sink with running water.

2.      Soap and towel/paper towels.

3.      Drinking water.(disposable cup)

4.      Clean garments for first aid.

5.      Pillow, blanket, proper cleaning of room, stretcher, portable oxygen, sterile water, and bandage.

·         A dedicated vehicle (ambulance) to transport the injured person to contractor’s medical facility.

·         Remote sites shall have one vehicle with a first aid kit for each crew. And vehicle placarded to alert the workers of the first aid kit.

·          Post emergency numbers of doctors at each site.

·         At least one man at every remote site shall be trained in first aid.

·         When more than 50 employs work inside a radius of 15km there shall be a nurse and first aid kit.

·         Safety officers shall be trained in CPR.

·         All major or minor accidents or incidents shall be immediately reported to client.

 

 

WORK PERMIT:

 

 

Work permit is the record of work and written authorization obtained from the client to perform the job. In other words it is direct communication between issuing supervisor and the receiving supervisor to perform the job safely. It specifies job activity, its hazards and their precautions.

·         Use HIP to help complete the work permit.

·         Use correct work permit for the job, hot work permit, confined space entry, gas release and cold work permit.

·         The issuer shall fill in the job description hazards and precautions.

·         Conduct a joint site inspection both with issuer and the receiver together before filling out the work permit.

·         Gas testing shall be done by a certified gas tester prior to the work permit approval signature.

·         Identify high risk work: asbestos sand blasting, chemical cleaning, electrical, cranes, excavation, vessel entry etc.

·         Specify precautions for the high risk work: respiratory system, SCBA, locks out and tag out, blinds, lifting plan etc.

·         Counter signatures shall be obtained by issuer not the receiver.

·         The receiver shall not leave the site until his alternate receiver is on the site and his name is on the work permit.

Issuer responsibility:

1.      State the job activity.

2.      Fill up the work permit and state the job and hazards and precautions

3.      Conduct joint site inspection (describe all hazards and nature of job and precautions of the job).

4.      Tick all the sections and boxes.

5.      Check that all controls have locked and tagged in the off position.

6.      Isolation and gas testing.

7.      Issuer shall sign the work permit.

Receiver’s responsibility:

1.      Joint site inspection.

2.      Make clear if he has any confusion or problem in the job with issuer.

3.      Check isolation lockout and tag out, blinding.

4.      Set locks and tags on the locking points.

5.      Keep the work permit on job site.

6.      If job hazards change stop the work and take new work permit.

7.      Perform only job stated in the work permit.

 

 

 

 

CONFIED SPACE:

 

            A place having limited or restricted  means of entry and exit, where toxic gasses can be collect and which is not designed to continually occupy for the employs as tanks, boilers, vessels, columns, pits sumps and excavations 1.2meter deep or deeper.

Safety measures:

Preparation of confined space:

• Work permit.

• Confined space shall be isolated with double block and bleed valves, blinding and setting locks and holding tags (electric circuits shall be disconnected).
• Place shall be purged if H₂S or organ hazards exist or steam washed and cleaned.
• Heat stress shall be reduced.
• Ventilation if not adequate force ventilation (air mover).But during gas test it shall be kept of.
• Gas test to verify oxygen19.5/23.5persent, H₂S should be less than 10PPM, carbon mono oxide should be less than 35PPM and combustible (explosive) gas) should be 0.0 percent.

Operation:

·         Work permit confined space entry and other according to job and it shall be placed near the job on visible place.

·         Awareness shall be given to all employs about job activity and employs should be trained to perform the job.

·         Air line respirators shall be required if hazardous atmosphere exist.

·         Trained entry attendant shall be provided with log book.

·         Full body harness shall be provided if vertical arise increase 6feet.

·         An exit ladder at every 25feet shall be fixed at an angle 75/ ¼

·         Power tools shall be grounded.

·         If hot work in progress gas test shall be continually monitor.

·         Fire extinguisher shall be provided.

·         Electric shall not exceed 24volts for lightning and for other purpose 110volts AC.

·         Lightning shall be explosion proof.

·         Barriers and sign boards on the exposed sides of confined space.

·         Only authorized person shall enter.

·         Non spark able tools (brass hammer) or pneumatic tools shall be use if fire hazard exist as.

 

Responsibilities of entry attendant:

·         He shall note the employs that who is in side the confined space or coming out of it. He shall stay in front of the hole. If there is no body in the confined space he shall put sign board (no entry) on the hole of confined space. And in case of emergency entry attendant shall call ERT team (or shout help, help).He shall not enter in the confined space. He shall have communication with the employs which are in the confined space time and time.

 

Restoration of confined space:

·         Work permit shall be used as check list as all personal are out of the space.

·         All equipment and tools have removed.

·         All man holes and flanges have closed and sealed.

·         All relief valves have restored to operate.

·         All locks removed and blinds also removed.

Hazards of confined space:

·         Oxygen deficiency or oxygen enriches.

·         Extreme temperature.

·         High noise.

·         Poor visibility.

·         Psychological factor.

·         Electric shock.

·         Contents of pipe lines and supply lines.

·         Lock out may fail.

·         Horse play may cause accident.

·         Explosive, combustible gases or flammable gases can cause hazard.

 

 

Electricity

 

• Work permit (hot work permit)
• Qualified electrician (2)
• Non conducted tools
• Rubber gloves
• Floor mats
• CPR qualified person
• Barriers and warning signs
• Flammable and combustible material shall be removed from the area.
• All temporary connections shall have prior approval by the company representative.
• Contractor shall provide a competent person to review all temporary installation for electrical safety and shall remain at site during the hot work to supervise.
• Only qualified person shall make electrical connection.
• GFCI for all portable electrical tools.
• Electric supply shall not exceed 125 volts AC.
• Only FM, UL having cords shall be use.
• Remove electrical cords that are damaged.
• Shop made electrical cords shall not be allowed.
• Qualified electricians shall work.
• Over head or underground power lines shall be de-energized or rerouted, but this shall be done by company representative approval.
• Electricians shall not use ring, wrist watch or chains.
• Blown fuse shall be removed by approved fuse pullers.
• Fire extinguishers dry chemicals

 

 

 

Electrical power tools portable

·         Electric power tools shall have GFCI.

·         Safety glasses shall be worn during use.

·         Shall have a 3 wire ground cord and 3 prong ground plugs.

·         Electric supply shall not exceed 125v AC.

·         Cords shall have no splice or cut.

·         Cords shall have FM UL label.

·         No job made cords are allowed.

·         All portable electric tools shall have dead man switch or trigger locking button. 

·         Any power tool designed with guard shall be equipped with that guard.

·         Hand saws shall have guard that can be adjusted so that only exposed part of the blade can cut.

 

 

EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

 

 

• Explosive operations require prior approval and scheduling by project manager, loss prevention and security escort provided by the Saudi Arabian Government Police.
• Notify at least 24 hours before blasting loss prevention, security, fire protection, government affairs, proponents and work area supervisors.
• A work permit is required for all blasting operation, issued to the blaster in-charge.
• Blaster in-charge is responsible for all safety aspects of the explosive operation.
• Explosive storage shall be with in approved containers and facilities (magazines).
• Magazine location, separation and quantity shall be determined by the American table of Distance for the storage of explosive material.
• Magazines shall be protected from intrusion by fences, locks and alarms.
• Storage magazines shall have lightning protection.
• Electric appliances shall explosion proof in the storage (magazine).
• Warning signs shall be posted on the outside of magazine i.e. “explosive keep out”.
• Smoking, matches, lighters or any flame, heat or spark producing work shall not be permitted near explosive material.
• Transportation in open body truck is prohibited without portable magazine.
• Vehicles transporting explosives shall have proper placards on all side.
• ABC fire extinguishers are required on transport vehicle.
• Each vehicle shall have 2men.
• All access roads to the blasting area shall be closed and barricaded during blasting.
• Radio transmitters shall not be allowed with in 33 meters of electric detonators unless they have been de-energized or effectively locked.
• Warning signs shall be posted around the blasting area.
• Audible and visual warnings shall be given before the blast.
• An audible all clear shall be sounded to indicate the area is clear to enter.

 

 

 

Asbestos and other Fibers

 

• Asbestos has been divided into three types, white, blue and brown. They enter in body by absorbing. Tiny airborne (asbestos) enter in our lungs and cause serious diseases, e.g. lung cancer.
• Prepare a HIP and obtain loss prevention and industrial hygiene review and concurrence.
• Asbestos workers shall have chest x-Ray and medical evaluation and attach with HIP.
• Area shall be barricaded and warning signs shall be erected.
• Label every wall, ceiling, machine, pipe line containing asbestos, waste bags and containers as standard warning labels.
• Cartridge style respirators shall be worn for less dusty operation, as roofing, paneling with minimum breakage.
• Cartridge shall be rated for asbestos.
• An adequate cartridge replacement shall be kept in hand.
• Users shall be trained and fit tested.
• Only clean shaven men will obtain a safe seal.
• Paper or dust masks are forbidden (paper or dust masks are forbidden they are used for pollen and sand storm).
• For dusty operation as deluging, demolition air line respiratory system shall be required.
• Protective clothing shall be provided for each worker, disposable coveralls, head covering, gloves and foot covering.
• Showering and washing facility shall also be provided.
• Worker shall not be allowed to eat, drink or smoke on site until washing hands.

Asbestos Removal:

·         Wet asbestos with water before it removing to reduce airborne.

·         Use hand tools to cut and removal asbestos.

·         Avoid electrical drills and saws

·         Place waste asbestos and disposable clothes in sealed double plastic bags or inside drums.

 

 

Sand blasting

 

• Prepare an HIP and obtain loss prevention and industrial hygiene review and concurrence.
• Sand blasting workers shall have chest X-Ray and pulmonary function test and attach with the HIP.
• Work permit shall be obtained.
• Hearing protection shall be worn by sand blasters.
• Each abrasive blast cleaning operator shall have breathing air hood.
• Air compressor shall meat,

Pressure relief valve,

Periodic carbon mono oxide monitor and alarm,

High temperature alarm,

Oxygen 19.5/23.5 percent.

• Each incidental worker shall wear cartridge style respirator.
• Paper masks are not allowed.
• Bond all sand blasting components with the compressor and compressor with the permanent ground.
• Barricade, warning sign shall surround the area.
• Sand blasting wand shall have dead man switch.
• Sand blaster and the workers assigned to dispose blasted sand shall wear disposable clothes.

 

 

 

Drivers responsibilities

 

 

• Inspect the vehicle to verify its condition.
• Report any accident or damage to management immediately.
• Obey traffic rules and post speed limits.
• Open truck beds shall not be used to transport passengers.
• Seat belts shall be worn by drivers and all passengers in cars, trucks and other vehicles as required.
• The drivers shall not allow the passengers to ride in the vehicle unless they fasten their seat belts.
• Except busses where seat belt is mandated only for the drivers.

 

 

Man basket

• Man basket must be inspected and shall have inspection sticker by crane inspection department.
• It shall have sticker showing maximum number of employees and safe load capacity of the basket.
• Before using it shall be hoisted above the ground to check that it is well planked and secured.
• Lifting and lowering speed shall not exceed 30meters per minute.
• Workers shall not to enter or exit during lifting or lowering and keep their body inside the man basket.
• Good communication between the hoisted person and crane operator or signal man.
• Area shall be barricaded.
• Man basket lift shall not be operated at wind speed 25 kilometers.

 

 

 

 

EXCAVATION

 

It is digging the land by machine or man.

• A qualified person shall design the excavation knowing underground utilities (pipe lines of water, oil and cables of electric).
• Digging supervisor shall obtain the proper drawing of the area to be excavated.
•  Work permit.
• Area shall be barricaded and warning signs shall be posted.
• He shall provide a safe mean of entry or egress at every 25 feet at the angle75degree and ladder shall be 3 feet high from the ground.
• He shall check that proper shoring, sloping or benching is done when depth increases more than 1.8meters.
• For lose sand                                     C         34
• Clay, sand and stone                         B         45
• Clay, cohesive and stone                   A         53
• Stable rock                                                     90
• Shoring trench boxes shall be design by a competent person.
• Ground loading from structure, vibration, weather and overlay shall be considered in the shoring design.
• Keep shoring trench boxes unoccupied during installation and traveling.
• Brace against the movement.
• Extend trench shield box to the ground.
• All excavated soil shall be at least 2feet away from the edge of excavation.
• Crane shall be more than the depth of excavation.
• Barricading shall be 1.5mtrs away from the edge of excavation.
•  Mechanical equipment shall be 2.0mtrs away from excavation.
• Emergency equipment as full body harness, life line, respiratory system shall be available.

 

Underground utilities: shall have 6inches sand, warning tape, net(mesh) and after buried mc 1and cathodic protection.

 

 

 

Responsibilities of safety officer/supervisor

 

 

• Establish and communicate safety rules and standards to all employs and contractors.
• Collect observation reports daily and raise them in the safety meeting with contractor.
• Coordinate with safety manager to implement safety procedure.
• Ensure that sub-contractors are following up the clients work permit procedure.
• Inspect the workers, tools and equipment at the job site to ensure that proper safety procedure is as per the client’s requirement.
• Conduct safety meetings with subcontractor.
• Investigate injuries, spills and other incidents and promptly provide corrective actions.
• Assist the manager to organize weekly site inspection tour and safety meeting.
• Assist the manager in clerical works.
• Keep the record of all safety meetings, reports findings, accident and heavy equipment accidents and fires.
• Interact with company representative on health and safety issues.

 

 

 

 

H₂S (HYDROGEN SULPHIDE)

 

 

• Colorless gas and highly flammable and transparent.
• It is heavier than other gasses.
• Never try to detect H_­2S by breathing.
• Its fire is colorless.
• On hearing an H₂S alarm personal shall immediately leave the area.
• Walk against wind direction.
• It should be less than 10PPM in the air.
• SCBA or air line respiratory system require where it is 100PPM in the air.
• Personal shall not be allowed to enter.
• Its smell is like rotten eggs.
• Hazards: eye irritation,         pulmonary function disturbs dizziness, unconsciousness and death.
• When above 10PPM H₂S is detected, warning sings shall be establish and immediately leave the area.
• Walk against the wind direction.

 

 

 

 

Half face and full face mask respiratory purifying equipment require

 

 

• Sanitary and clean conditions all the time.
• Users medically fit,
• Trained users.
• Users fit tested for proper seal of face to rubber to keep out contamination, no hair interferes.
• Oxygen 19.5/23.5.
• Choose specific filter cartridge for the identified hazard.
• No substitutes are allowed.
• Common filter cartridges are: Asbestos fiber and airborne, sand blast dust cartridge for blasted sand that blows over incidental area, radio nuclides, chemical fumes and mists metal fumes and metal dust cartridges.
• Paper or dust masks are only allowed for dust storm or pollen.

Supply air line respirators are used for specific hazardous operations,

·         They shall be tested for grade D breathing air standard.

·         Air source shall deliver 6 SCFM continuous for each man.

·         Example: sand blasting air hood, spray painting, power sanding and welding.

Compressors supplying air line respirator shall be tested for grade D air quality.

• Have filters in the delivery air hose to continually remove moisture, oil and other particulates.
• Have carbon monoxide (co) monitor and alarm between the oil lubricated compressor and respirator air intake.
• Have 100F (38centigrade) high temperature alarm on the air intake of air hood.
• Have 140F (60centigrade) high temperature alarm on the air intake of air line respirator.
• Have minimum air flow 6 SCFM without vortex tube and 25 SCFM with vortex tube.

SCBA: users shall be medically fit. It is use for entry and work in hazardous atmospheres. As

·         Confined space entry.

·         Fire fighting.

·         Rescue and escape from hazardous atmosphere.

·         Testing of gasses but toxic

 

 

Cartridge operated tools:

            These devices normally use a 0.25 or0.27 caliber cartridge as the driving force for fastener. Therefore they shall be treated like a fire arm. User shall be qualified and certified. Certificate shall be obtained by an authorized vendor. Work permit for restricted areas. Safety glasses and face shield shall be use by operators. Hearing protection shall be worn. Ares shall be barricaded and warning signs should be erected. Area shall be clean from unauthorized persons.

 

 

Hot Tapping : Hot work permit with design and drawing review. No wilding on pressurized lines with zero flow rates. Hot tap machine shall be rated greater than the maximum operating pressure of the line. No welding on lines containing greater than 19.5 percent oxygen.   

 

 

 

 

safety definitions

ppe meaning

coshh meaning

msds meaning

hse meaning

osha meaning

ehs meaning

safety meaning

risk assessment meaning

iso 45001 meaning

risk assessment definition

safety net meaning

hsse meaning

safe word meaning

ppe definition

osha definition

rcd meaning

sheq meaning

interlock meaning

alarp meaning

nebosh meaning

hazard definition in safety

ncap meaning

iosh meaning

risk definition in safety

occupational health definition

eyewash meaning

safety precautions meaning

safety measures meaning

ppe full meaning

safety hazard meaning

no smoking sign meaning

define ppe

msds definition

safety meaning in english

safety culture definition

fire extinguisher meaning

occupational health meaning

health and safety definition

wsib meaning

fire extinguisher meaning in hindi

safety data sheet definition

safety meaning in urdu

safety net definition

define osha

ohsa meaning

chemical hazard meaning

personal protective equipment definition

iso 18001 meaning

sssts meaning

definition of safety in the workplace

safety first meaning

hazcom meaning

health and safety meaning

life jacket meaning

nfpa diamond meaning

hse definition

hazard and risk meaning

safety stand down meaning

hard hat meaning

lockout tagout meaning

life raft meaning

dsmb meaning

tag out meaning

occupational health and safety meaning

safety hazard definition

safety valve meaning

working at height definition

lone worker definition

safety data sheet meaning

qra meaning

trir meaning

heat stress definition

ohs meaning computer

confined space meaning in hindi

iipp meaning

hse meaning in safety

seat belt meaning

health hazard symbol meaning

occupational hazards definition

ohsas meaning

ppe meaning in safety

msds sheets meaning

potential hazard meaning

material safety data sheet definition

safety blanket meaning

osh meaning in safety

electrical hazard meaning

safety definition osha

first aid sign meaning

toolbox meeting meaning

hazid meaning

flammable symbol meaning

risk assessment definition in safety

safety harness meaning

toolbox talk meaning

hot work definition

life vest meaning

loto meaning in safety

occupational health and safety definition